Applications for Science Policy Fellowships are now open for 2019-2020 period from multiple professional societies. It is my understanding that most of these fellowship opportunities require citizenship and background check since you will be placed in US congress or federal agencies. But there are some exceptions requiring only that you are legal to work in US.
Here are some fellowship sponsored by the societies within the field of geosciences with links to detailed information,
Make sure to note the requirements and due dates for each separate listing!